The Spanish Civil War (Part I) After the resignation of Primo de Rivera on 28 January 1930, succeeded him as head of government
General Damaso Berenguer (January 1930-February 1931) and Admiral Juan Bautista Aznar (February -April 1931). But none of them could solve the internal problems that were added to the effects of global economic crisis and halt the disturbances caused by the conflicting interests of different social groups and political forces. Meanwhile, the Republican opposition was organized by the Pact of San Sebastián (August 1930), who joined the Catalan separatists and the moderate socialists. This agreement was reached that the commitment of the Republic was established there would be a statute of autonomy for Catalonia and would seek to establish relations with major labor organizations, PSOE and CNT, attracting labor support to the republican cause. In the municipal elections held on 12 April 1931, the Republican parties obtained a majority vote in the provincial capitals Sixty-seven per cent of the electorate (universal male suffrage was) voted for the union and republican socialist against the monarchy. Given these results, the king Alfonso XIII decided to abdicate and left for exile. The Republic had triumphed through a peaceful and demo ¬ cratic. The Republic was proclaimed on 14 April, after which they installed a provisional government called for elections to the Constituent Cortes. These elections, held on 28 June following, gave Republican majority to the Socialist coalition, already represented in the provisional government continued in office. The new Constitution was adopted on 9 December 1931, date on which he was also appointed Niceto Alcala Zamora as president of the Republic (Head of State) and days after Manuel Azaña was appointed as chairman of government (head of government). During the first two years of the Second Republic, the so-called reformist biennium (November 1931 to November 1933), the government sought economic transformation, social and political life of Spain, through the enactment of a series of decrees aimed at redressing abuses that farm owners used to do in hiring, and the creation of the Agrarian Reform Institute intended to expropriate without compensation the lands of the nobility, the separation of church and state that included the dissolution of religious orders , including the Jesuits whose properties would be confiscated; to other orders prohibiting them from practicing industry, commerce or education, and the priests were subject to tax like all citizens, reform in the army structure , then made up a disproportionate number of officers. The reform involved a reduction of military regions from sixteen to eight, and the abolition of the Supreme Court of the Army and Navy, whose powers passed to the courts. He also announced a revision in the policy of merit-based promotion campaign, launched during the previous dictatorship. and the enactment of the Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia, which enabled the region to form a government that would take the name of an old medieval institution, the General Council or Government. The Catalan government would have legislative and executive powers in finance, economics education, culture, health, transport, communications and public works. In the hands of central government were foreign affairs, defense and border control with ¬. The implementation of reforms encountered serious obstacles on the part of conservative forces and the army, including a failed coup led by General Jose Sanjurjo.Los right-wing groups decided to organize against government measures in March 1933 and formed the Spanish Confederation of Autonomous Rights (CEDA), under the leadership of Jose Maria Gil Robles, gathered strength while fascist parties, as the Boards of National-Syndicalist Offensive (JONS) and the Spanish Falange (FE), created by José Antonio Primo de Rivera, son of the dictator. Members of these organizations are uniformed paramilitary groups, with blue shirts, they acted on the streets imitating the Nazi assault groups (Brown Shirts) or the Italian fascists (black shirts).